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Shinkansen
The Japanese high speed trains, better known to most as "Bullet Train". The nickname "Bullet Train" comes from the fact that the nose of the first shinkansen looked somewhat like a bullet. The first shinkansen went into service in 1964. You can read more about the shinkansen in this Wikipedia article.
Limited Express
Limited Express trains are trains that travel on long distance routes that the shinkansen doesn't service. The "Limited" in Limited Express means these trains stop only at a few stations. Limited Express trains often have unique designs, and also often travel on scenic routes.
Local
Local trains are shorter distance trains that stop at many stations. Unlike the short local trains in most countries, the Japanese local trains can easily consist of over 10 cars.
Event Trains
Event trains are trains that run on special occasions. These are mostly renovated steam engines with cars from the steam era as well. Many of them run on specific routes during summer.
Freight Trains
Freight trains are a fairly uncommon site in Japan, but there are the occasional container and oil trains. In order to make freight by rail more interesting and more environmentally friendly, JR-Freight has come up with a Container Express train which travels daily between Tokyo and Osaka.
Enoden
The Enoden (short for Enoshima dentetsu (江ノ島電鉄), or Enoshima Electric Railway) is a short tram route connecting Kawakura and Fujisawa with 13 stations in between. The line is very popular, as it often travels very close to houses and stores. Up until recently, the trains were also old and cramped. In model form, the Enoden trams are popular too, with an entire module system specifically meant for the trams. For more information, you can read this Wikipedia article.
Locomotives
This is a list of locomotives that don't have a static consist. Included are steam, diesel and electric from various era's and companies.
Cars & coaches
Following is a list of the various freightcars and passenger coaches that don't necesarrily belong to a static consist. These include single cars and car sets.
